Salmon fish protein supplement increases serum vitamin B12 and selenium concentrations: secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial.
Study Design
- अध्ययन प्रकार
- randomized_controlled_trial
- नमूना आकार
- 88
- अवधि
- 8 weeks
- हस्तक्षेप
- Salmon fish protein supplement increases serum vitamin B12 and selenium concentrations: secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. not specified (daily supplement dose not stated in abstract)
- तुलनित्र
- Placebo
- प्रभाव की दिशा
- Positive
- पूर्वाग्रह का जोखिम
- Low
Abstract
PURPOSE: The main aim of the present study was to examine the effect of a fish protein supplement made from by-products from production of Atlantic salmon, on blood concentration of micronutrients. METHODS: We conducted an 8-week double-blind parallel-group randomised controlled trial. In total, 88 adults were randomised to a salmon fish protein supplement or placebo, and 74 participants were included in the analysis of vitamin D, omega-3, vitamin B12, selenium, folate, zinc, homocysteine and mercury. RESULTS: During the intervention period, geometric mean (GSD) of serum vitamin B12 concentrations increased from 304 (1.40) to 359 (1.42) pmol/L in the fish protein group (P vs. controls = 0.004) and mean (SD) serum selenium increased from 1.18 (0.22) to 1.30 (0.20) μmol/L (P vs. controls = 0.002). The prevalence of low vitamin B12 status (B12 < 148-221 > pmol/L) decreased from 15.4 to 2.6% in the fish protein group, while increasing from 5.9 to 17.6% in the placebo group (P = 0.045). There was no difference between the groups in serum levels of the other micronutrients measured. CONCLUSION: Including a salmon fish protein supplement in the daily diet for 8 weeks, increases serum vitamin B12 and selenium concentrations. From a sustainability perspective, by-products with high contents of micronutrients and low contents of contaminants, could be a valuable dietary supplement or food ingredient in populations with suboptimal intake. TRAIL REGISTRATION: The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT03764423) on June 29th 2018.
Full Text
Figures
Tables
Table 1
| Median (Q1–Q3) | |
|---|---|
| Age, years | 56 (48–64) |
| Sex, female, n (%) | 47 (64) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 33.1 (29.9–36.1) |
| hsCRP, mg/L | 3.4 (2.1–6.0) |
| Daily tobacco use, n (%) | 11 (15) |
| Energy, kJ/d | 9260 (7940–11399) |
| Protein, E% | 16.7 (15.4–18.6) |
| Fat, E% | 35.5 (32.8–39.7) |
| Carbohydrates, E% | 40.6 (35.9–45.9) |
| Alcohol, E% | 1.9 (0.5–6.2) |
Table 2
| Salmon fish protein supplement, | Salmon fish protein supplement, | Recommended intake per daya | % contribution of recommended intake | Upper limitb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Micronutrients | |||||
| Vitamin D (μg) | 4.8 | 0.4 | 10 | 4 | 100 |
| Vitamin B12 (μg) | 60.5 | 4.5 | 2 | 227 | NE |
| Iodine (μg) | 170 | 12.8 | 150 | 9 | 600 |
| Selenium (μg) | 230 | 17.3 | 60 | 29 | 300 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 5.1 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 22 | NE |
| Folate (μg) | 599 | 44.9 | 300 | 15 | NE |
| Calcium (mg) | 2500 | 187.5 | 800 | 23 | 2500 |
| Phosphorous (mg) | 2100 | 157.5 | 600 | 26 | 3000 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 140 | 10.5 | 350 | 3 | NE |
| Iron (mg) | 11 | 0.8 | 9 | 9 | 60 |
| Zinc (mg) | 140 | 10.5 | 9 | 117 | NE |
| Macronutrients | |||||
| Total protein (g) | 69.7 | 5.2 | |||
| Total fat (g) | 13.2 | 1.0 | |||
| Sum EPA + DHA (mg) | 2020 | 151 | |||
Table 3
| Salmon fish protein supplement | Tolerable weekly intakea | Tolerable weekly intake for adult 70 kg | Weekly intake from salmon protein supplement | % contribution of tolerable weekly intake per week | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heavy metals | |||||
| Arsenic (mg/kg) | 1.60 | 15 μg/kg | 1050 μg | 84 μg | 8 |
| Lead (mg/kg) | < 0.05 | 25 μg/kg | 1750 μg | 2.6 μgb | 0.1 |
| Cadmium (mg/kg) | 0.08 | 2.5 μg/kg | 175 μg | 4.2 μg | 3 |
| Copper (mg/kg) | 86 | 5 mg/d | 35 mg | 4.5 mg | 13 |
| Mercury (mg/kg) | 0.11 | 4 μg/kg | 280 μg | 5.8 μg | 2 |
| Organic pollutantsc | |||||
| Dioxins (ng/kg) | 0.08 | ||||
| Dioxin-like PCBs (ng/kg) | 0.10 | ||||
| Dioxins and dl-PCBs (ng/kg) | 0.18 | 2 pg/kg | 140 pg | 9.4 pg | 7 |
| PCB 6 (μg/kg) | 1.27 | ||||
| PCB 7 (μg/kg) | 1.40 | ||||
Table 4
| N | Fish protein | Placebo | Change in the fish protein group relative to the placebo group | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | End-of-study | Baseline | End-of-study | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Crude values | Adjusted values | b | |||
| Nutrient | |||||||||
| Vitamin B12 (pmol/L)c | 73 | 304 (1.40) | 359 (1.42) | 321 (1.33) | 325 (1.38) | 0.15 (0.05–0.25) | 0.14 (0.05–0.24) | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Selenium (μmol/L) | 73 | 1.18 (0.22) | 1.30 (0.20) | 1.21 (0.29) | 1.21 (0.17) | 0.10 (0.04–0.15) | 0.10 (0.04–0.16) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Folate (nmol/L)c | 71 | 14.5 (1.58) | 15.1 (1.62) | 15.2 (1.59) | 14.7 (1.50) | 0.05 (− 0.07–0.17) | 0.05 (− 0.07–0.16) | 0.382 | 0.411 |
| Vitamin D (nmol/L) | 74 | 63 (20) | 61 (18) | 68 (21) | 66 (20) | − 0.92 (− 6.26–4.42) | − 0.90 (− 6.15–4.35) | 0.731 | 0.734 |
| Omega-3 (mmol/L) c | 74 | 0.54 (1.41) | 0.55 (1.39) | 0.57 (1.30) | 0.56 (1.34) | 0.03 (− 0.05–0.12) | 0.03 (− 0.06–0.12) | 0.455 | 0.462 |
| Zinc (μmol/L) | 67 | 13.7 (1.5) | 13.4 (1.3) | 13.7 (1.6) | 13.6 (1.5) | − 0.27 (− 0.84–0.31) | − 0.27 (− 0.84–0.31) | 0.359 | 0.358 |
| Miscellaneous | |||||||||
| Homocysteine (μmol/L) | 72 | 10.2 (2.9) | 9.3 (2.8) | 10.4 (2.5) | 10.0 (2.2) | − 0.58 (− 1.35–0.19) | − 0.56 (− 1.35–0.22) | 0.140 | 0.158 |
| Mercury (nmol/L)c | 70 | 6.6 (1.47) | 6.1 (1.38) | 7.8 (1.59) | 6.7 (1.51) | 0.01 (− 0.10–0.11) | 0.01 (− 0.10–0.11) | 0.913 | 0.895 |
Table 5
| Baseline | End-of-study | a | b | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low B12 status (< 148–221 > pmol/L) | 0.271 | 0.045 | ||
| Fish protein | 6 (15.4) | 1 (2.6) | ||
| Placebo | 2 (5.9) | 6 (17.6) |
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